2. Historical development: The Bill of Rights

Historical developments and consequences

Madison introduced amendments in 1789; ten were ratified in December 1791. They protected specified liberties and restricted federal action, though many protections were not initially enforced against states.

The amendments became central to later constitutional disputes and judicial interpretation.

Original historical article · Authorities & decisions

Congress proposed twelve constitutional amendments in 1789; ten were ratified in 1791. James Madison helped draft them in response to demands for explicit restraints on federal power.