2. Historical development: Revolutionary military leadership

Historical developments and consequences

Washington became commander in chief in 1775. The Continental Army endured defeats, shortages and winter encampments; French military and naval assistance was decisive at Yorktown in 1781.

The 1783 peace recognized independence. Soldiers, civilians, loyalists, enslaved people and Indigenous nations experienced different outcomes.

Original historical article · Authorities & decisions

The Second Continental Congress appointed George Washington commander in chief in June 1775. Washington coordinated campaigns with French assistance after 1778; the surrender at Yorktown in 1781 depended on French naval forces under de Grasse.