2. Historical development: Magna Carta and inherited limits on monarchy

Historical developments and consequences

The 1215 charter constrained particular royal actions in medieval England; it did not establish modern democracy. Edward Coke later invoked common-law limits against Stuart royal prerogative. The 1689 English Bill of Rights strengthened parliamentary authority after the Glorious Revolution.

Colonial lawyers drew on English rights and representative traditions, although colonial voting and liberty remained sharply restricted by race, sex and property.

Original historical article · Authorities & decisions

King John accepted Magna Carta in June 1215 under pressure from rebel barons. Clause 12 addressed certain extraordinary financial levies, while clauses 39 and 40 concerned lawful judgment and access to justice for free men. Pope Innocent III annulled the charter soon afterward.