2. Historical development: The Articles of Confederation

Historical developments and consequences

The Articles took effect in 1781, leaving Congress without a general power to tax directly and requiring broad state agreement for major changes. Debt and interstate commercial disputes exposed institutional weaknesses.

The confederation won the war and organized western territories but struggled to raise revenue and coordinate national policy.

Original historical article · Authorities & decisions

Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation in 1777; ratification was completed in 1781. State governments retained substantial sovereignty while Congress lacked an independent general power to tax individuals.